Concurrent case planning

Concurrent case planning

Concurrent planning requires practitioners to work with the child and their family to develop both a primary permanency goal as part of the case plan, and an alternative permanency goal. The case work and planning for both goals run alongside each other progressed simultaneously with the family and the child (as age-appropriate) having full knowledge. This can be likened to when a family has a ‘just in case’ plan for their child. This might be the plan for where the child will stay or who will care for them should something happen and a parent can no longer look after their child. Alternative plans may never be needed, but should be thought about. 

When a child enters care, the child has been assessed as being in need of protection. It is at this time that an alternative plan becomes more urgent, needs to be documented and become an active part of case work.

The Child Protection Act 1999, section 51B (2) specifies that the goal for best achieving permanency, and actions required to achieve that goal, must be included in the child’s case plan. If the goal for best achieving permanency is to return the child to the care of their parent, the case plan must also identify an alternative goal, in the event timely reunification is not possible. Identifying and planning for both primary and alternative permanency goals at the same time rather than sequentially, is central to concurrent planning.

If the child is subject to a long-term guardianship order for two years, a case plan review will be undertaken to determine whether the order continues to be the best option for achieving permanency for a child. The alternative goal will also be reviewed as part of this process.

The (Child Welfare Information Gateway (e)) describes concurrent planning as

‘…identifying and working toward a child's primary permanency goal (such as reunification with the birth family) while simultaneously identifying and working on a secondary goal (such as guardianship with a relative). This practice can shorten the time to achieve permanency if efforts toward the primary goal prove unsuccessful because progress has already been made toward the secondary goal.’

The aim of concurrent planning is to expedite permanency for a child and requires actions to be developed and progressed simultaneously for both the primary and alternative permanency goals from the time a child comes into care, until a permanency decision is made. A useful way to describe this to families is that the concurrent plan is a ‘just in case plan’ - if reunification is unable to be achieved, the child needs to have a ‘just in case’ plan ready, that has been thought about and supported.

In some jurisdictions, concurrent planning is known as parallel planning, but this term does not accurately reflect what happens in practice. Parallel planning implies two plans, running side by side. In practice, planning around primary and alternative permanency goals involves many crossovers or intersections, with the progress of one informing and influencing the other.

Early and collaborative concurrent planning

Sometimes concurrent planning in the permanency context might feel like Child Safety are expecting parents will not be able to care for their children. Or it could be seen as something that undermines the goal of reunification (Tilbury and Osmond). Practitioners may be concerned that discussing concurrent planning with families from day one will damage the relationship. It is important that early messaging around concurrent planning is not discouraging or presented as a ‘bad news’ option. Instead, introduce concurrent planning by outlining the benefits:

• it can achieve timely resolution to support sustainable permanency for the child
• there will be fewer placements for the child if reunification is not viable
• family members are involved to identify potential placement options
• communication with the family about plans and actions to support primary and alternative permanency goals is open and transparent from day one (Child Welfare Information Gateway (c)).

Early and collaborative concurrent planning with families means that the family and Child Safety can draw on existing resources and strengths in the family, develop enduring relationships to safeguard the child’s connections into the future and work transparently together to co-design solutions and plans that are more likely to succeed in the long-term.

When practitioners keep concurrent planning in focus as an essential part of case planning, conversations about primary and alternative permanency goals become an integrated and expected part of the process. Parents respond well to transparency, and being upfront and honest about the benefits of concurrent planning can decrease conflict and aggressive behaviours sometimes experienced when parents feel they are not in control or not being heard.

Remember that parents and family members want the best outcomes for their children. Focus on this shared goal when case planning for permanency and consider multiple ways to achieve this. When a parent makes a suggestion, consider the option fully and ensure they feel heard and empowered to be part of the process.

Lack of early, effective and collaborative concurrent planning can have lasting negative effects for children and families. Children can ‘drift’ in care without experiencing a stable and predictable care arrangement. Parents are more likely to describe feelings of confusion, hopelessness, lack of motivation, frustration and a sense of ‘changing the goal posts’. 

Start a conversation about permanency and concurrent planning

It may seem difficult or ‘not the right time’ to have discussions about permanency and concurrent planning in the early stages of involvement with a child and family. Parents may be angry, in denial, and unwilling to work with Child Safety. Finding a way to open the discussion from ‘day one’ is important. It promotes transparency in the case planning process and helps to clarify why permanency planning is a priority. Take the opportunity to emphasise that central to all Child Safety intervention is seeking the best path to stability and continuity for the child’s long-term safety, belonging and wellbeing.

Effective conversations around permanency are shaped by open and honest communication that avoids jargon and demonstrates active listening and patience (Osmond and Tilbury). Provide opportunities within both the formal case planning process and subsequent interactions for families to ask questions and discuss the worries they may have about what permanency really means. Understanding the benefits and importance of establishing long-lasting safety and security for their child can help a sense of ownership and commitment to achieving permanency goals.

If constructive, transparent dialogue about concurrent planning occurs early, then valuable time discussing permanency planning can be maximised and achieve better outcomes for the child. Consciously apply a solution-focused, strengths based approach to these interactions.

Some ideas to include in initial conversations about permanency and concurrent planning include:

• permanency means working towards long-term stability for a child
• stability helps children to develop a sense of personal and cultural identity (Tilbury and Osmond)
• it is necessary to think about permanency early on, so timely decisions are made early and children don’t drift in and out of care
• it is important to support families to stay together safely and the first goal of permanency planning is for a child to be reunified safely with their family
• planning for permanency works best when parents have a say and are involved in making decisions about how their child is cared for if, for any reason, they can’t
• parents need to know and feel that plans are not being made ‘behind their backs’
• when working together on the main plan for reunification, the concurrent or ‘just-in-case’ plan isn’t the opposite of reunification - it’s another plan, an alternative for how everyone is going to work together to keep the child safe and cared for now AND in the long-term
• if everyone works together on the main plan and the alternative plan, it will mean that there will be less disruption or upheaval for the child if the alternative plan needs to be put in place
• the best ‘just-in-case’ plans are developed in partnership with parents, families and communities, to help identify who can best care for and look after the child
• the network surrounding families is an essential part of planning for permanency
• the different parts of permanency include looking at significant relationships and belonging, connections to places and locations that are important to a child, and how to achieve this legally
• permanency does not mean parents cannot see or be involved with their child – it is important to seek opportunities for parents to safely share in the child’s life.

Concurrent planning across the dimensions of permanency

When undertaking concurrent planning, consider the three dimensions of permanency - relational, physical and legal - for both the primary and alternative permanency goals.

Appreciation of these dimensions highlights that permanency planning is much more than placement (Tilbury and Osmond). It recognises that children need consistent, predictable and loving relationships, a sense of connectedness and belonging to families and communities - particularly for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children - and a stable place to call home (Tilbury and Osmond).

A lack of recognition of the multidimensional nature of permanency can lead to children feeling a sense of impermanence (Stott and Gustavsson). Each dimension influences and overlaps with the other, and permanency cannot be progressed if these interdependencies are not acknowledged. For example, focusing on legal permanence without securing relational and physical permanence will not support long-term stability. It is necessary for all three dimensions of permanency to be actively considered during concurrent planning.

When exploring permanency options for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, the right to self-determination must be acknowledged. Active efforts that are purposeful, thorough and timely are key to enabling their safety and wellbeing (SNAICC (a)) and are essential to promoting permanency by ensuring that the safe care and connection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children with family, community, culture and country is central to planning.

Relational permanency

Relational permanency includes positive, loving, trusting and nurturing relationships with significant others, which may include the child’s parents, siblings, wider family or carers. It supports a child to feel safe, secure and valued through their lifelong relationships. This dimension of permanency also contributes to the child’s sense of self worth, value and belonging and is linked to their identity into adulthood and throughout their lives.  When developing a concurrent plan with an alternative permanency goal, considering relational permanency will identify relationships that may be suitable to support an active caring role if reunification is not possible. 

Relational permanency can be explored through key questions about the child’s sense of self and their world. Consider the questions in the diagram below (in an age and developmentally appropriate way) to help conversations with the child and hear their views about who they think loves and cares for them, and where they feel they belong. These views are important to decision making when developing a concurrent plan.  

The child will form and maintain relational connections by spending time and sharing experiences with the people who care about them, the people who are important to them and by going to places of significance to them.

Practitioners must be mindful of the right of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children to grow up with a sense of belonging and identity, to know where they are from and how they fit into and can connect with their family, mob, community, culture and country (SNAICC (a)). For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in care, yarning is an important part of building relationships. Hearing stories about family members, ancestors and cultural traditions helps to build their cultural connection and belonging and supports developing relational permanence.

Children in care are less likely to have strong and enduring relationships. At times, the child’s safety and support network need to consider how to strengthen this area. Review the child’s Circles of Safety and Support Tool to understand who is already around the child and who is missing. Ask family and other network members who will also be able to help. Meaningful plans for the child to connect and spend time with significant people in their lives is essential to their relational permanency and will influence and intersect with permanency in other areas. 

As well as making connections, also think about supporting a child when relationships end. Be open and talk about when people may be in their lives for a short time, while others are around for much longer. Help to build understanding, expectations and plans around transitions and endings, and help the child keep close the memories of people who have been part of their lives, who they may not spend time with anymore.

Physical permanency 

Physical permanency involves safe, stable living arrangements with connections to the child’s community, such as their school, neighbourhood and health services. The physical location, environment and the adult who is providing for and supporting their daily care needs are all part of a child’s physical permanency.  When developing a concurrent plan, consider if the child’s current care arrangement could be a suitable long-term option as an alternative permanency goal to support the child not only now, but for the rest of their life. 
 

Sometimes a care arrangement meets a child’s immediate daily care needs, but not their physical permanency needs. Consider other potential care arrangements by looking at the child’s network and considering relational permanency.

• Are there people in the child’s life who they are already connected to that could also have a role in supporting their physical care and wellbeing in the future? 
• Can the child’s parents and network identify a family member willing to be assessed as a long-term or permanent kinship carer and guardian? 

There may also be full time or shared care arrangements options which can be explored further. For example:

• Can a carer who looks after the child for short breaks be considered as a permanent carer? 
• Could two short-break carers provide shared care for a child to manage their primary care needs across the two households?

When looking at connections, it may be that, at first, we know little more than a name. By exploring, developing or re-establishing relational permanency, a relative or someone in the network who has lost contact with the child and family may be identified who could support physical permanency.

Continue working with the network to find the ‘just-in-case’ plan. Concurrent planning allows the child to remain in their current short-term placement while a permanent care arrangement is identified and assessed. Be mindful that there might need to be more than one ‘just-in case’ plan, which enables additional alternative care arrangements to be considered in the event family members are not approved, or a situation changes and identified options are no longer viable.

The diagram below provides an example of a pathway to achieve physical permanency. Remember that physical permanency is not just about the care arrangement. Other considerations such as connections to school, sport, health care and community engagement also need to be considered and become especially important if a planned care arrangement breaks down.

Legal permanency

Legal permanency involves securing legal arrangements associated with permanency, providing long-term stability. Concurrent planning is an essential way of ensuring timely decision making for achieving legal permanency. 

The Act encourages this through limiting custody orders and short-term guardianship orders to only be made for a combined period of two years from the date of the first order being finalised. 
While reunification is usually the primary permanency goal when a child is subject to a short-term order, concurrent planning allows the alternative permanency goal to be progressed in a planned and timely manner, if reunification is not possible. 

Different dimensions, different timelines

During case planning, there may be circumstances when permanency is not initially progressed across all three dimensions. A robust concurrent plan can assist decision making by having clear alternative options outlined for each dimension of permanency, just in case.

For example, legal permanency may be delayed if the permanency goal was for a Permanent Care Order to be granted to an extended family member, however the Childrens Court requests further documentation prior to making a decision. In this situation, it is important to focus on maintaining relational permanency while legal permanency continues to be pursued. By ensuring connections in the child’s life are stable, their safety and support network can build safety and work collaboratively to secure the permanency goal.

Another example of when not all permanency dimensions are progressed in the first instance is when a young person is living in a place that is not approved and is frequently reported missing. While parts of physical permanency are not being achieved, aim to stabilise physical permanency where possible. Can the young person continue to attend the same school and see the same medical professionals? Ensure relational permanency and connections to their safety and support network to assist in supporting the young person through this period.

Informing primary and alternative permanency goals

When working with parents to concurrently plan for permanency, consider the individual family and their strengths and needs. Start with gathering information to inform your conversation with children, their families and networks:

• Information about worries, that is, why the child entered care. Read the Investigation and Assessment outcome, understand the worries that led to the child being placed in care.
• Information about family strengths and resources. Look at the Collaborative Assessment and Planning Framework tool, read minutes from previous practice panels, and information from investigation and assessments. Ask the family. Have continuous and clear conversations with the family to allow for planned goals and outcomes to be monitored, celebrated or revised.
• Information about the child’s age, development and needs. Read the child strengths and needs assessment. The characteristics and needs of the child will influence the permanency options that can be considered.
• Information about perspectives of other professionals and carers. Consider the views provided by other professionals or support network members working with the family.
• Consider the parental strengths and needs assessment which can give you information quickly about the strengths and challenge areas for a parent. 

If reunification cannot be achieved, this does not mean that the alternative permanency goal identified through concurrent planning excludes or restricts the parents from the child’s daily care and upbringing. The alternative goal can focus on having a safe and stable care arrangement that supports maximum involvement of the child’s parents and family in their lives now and into the future to the extent that it is safe. 

When a child is on a child protection order, it is rare that there is no parent or family involvement. Usually, there is at least one parent or family member who is willing to be a part of the child’s life in some way.

One way of thinking about this when developing a concurrent plan is to consider a scale where at one end, the parent and family are doing everything to care for and protect the child without Child Safety involvement, and the other end is that they are not involved at all. 

Where is the situation currently? Consider and define the permanency outcome. For reunification, this will generally be for the child to return to the parent/s with no Child Safety involvement.

If reunification is not possible, an ideal concurrent plan will work to maximise the involvement of the child’s parents and family connection, while keeping the child safe. For some children, this means they are cared for all the time by family. For others, it will mean they are looked after by an approved carer all the time or may have a new guardian appointed.  For many, when working towards achieving permanency, it will mean something in between. 

But… sharing care isn’t easy – it takes relationships, communication, patience, love, focus and hard work. A good question to ask is ’is everyone focusing on the child and their needs?’

And… it isn’t just about who has the primary carer role. There are many ways that we can build, promote and maintain the parent and family’s involvement. This is vital when working towards reunification.