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References

The following list of references includes key sources directly cited throughout this kit, providing further context and support for the material discussed. The older of these references draw from pioneering research on domestic and family violence, offering foundational insights into the topic.

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Ainsworth et al.

Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E & Wall S, 1978, Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erblaum.

Arney et al.

Arney F, Iannos M, Chong A, McDougall S & Parkinson S, 2015, Enhancing the implementation of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Child Placement Principle.

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health InfoNet

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health InfoNet, 2019, Trauma: What is trauma? Retrieved from https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-topics/healing/trauma/

Australia Bureau of Statistics (a)

Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2019, Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/6224.0.55.001~Jun%202012~Chapter~What%20is%20a%20Family%3F accessed November 2025.  

Australian Bureau of Statistics (b)

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2021, Religious affiliation (RELP), Census Dictionary 2021. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/census/guide-census-data/census-dictionary/2021/variables-topic/cultural-diversity/religious-affiliation-relp accessed November 2025.  

Australian Bureau of Statistics Media Release

Australian Bureau of Statistics Media Release, 2019, More than one in three migrants from New Zealand settle in Queensland. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/ED6AC1443949FE77CA258148000C1A01?OpenDocument accessed November 2025.  

Australian Institute of Family Studies

Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2014, Strengths of Australian Aboriginal cultural practices in family life and child rearing, Child Family Community Australia Paper No. 25. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/strengths-australian-aboriginal-cultural-practices-fam/theme-1-collective-community accessed November 2025.  

Australian Institute of Family Studies

Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2016, Australia is failing to safeguard cultural connections for Aboriginal children in out-of-home care. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/2016/11/14/australia-failing-safeguard-cultural-connections-aboriginal-children-out-home-care accessed November 2025.  

Australian Institute of Family Studies

Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2019, Child protection and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, Child Family Community Australia Resource Sheet. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/child-protection-and-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-children accessed November 2025.  

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018, National framework for protecting Australia’s children indicators (CWS 62). Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/child-protection/nfpac/contents/national-framework-indicators-data-visualisations/4-2-placement-stability accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, Intergenerational trauma: Why many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians can’t simply ‘get over it’ and ‘move on’. Retrieved from https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/the-wound/intergenerational-trauma/ accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, The importance of land. Retrieved from [https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-culture/the-importance-of-land/](https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-culture/the-importance-of-land/) accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, Doug’s story: Advance Australia Fair? Retrieved from https://australianstogether.org.au/stories-2/doug/ accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, Separation—Ruth’s story. Retrieved from https://australianstogether.org.au/stories-2/ruth/ accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, Who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians? Beyond myths and stereotypes. Retrieved from [https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/the-wound/who-are-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-australians/](https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/the-wound/who-are-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-australians/) accessed November 2025.  

Australians Together

Australians Together, 2017, Why are culture and identity important? How understanding culture and identity can make a difference in our nation. Retrieved from [https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-culture/culture-identity/](https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-culture/culture-identity/) accessed November 2025.  

Bowlby

Bowlby J, 1969, reprinted 1982, Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1 Attachment, Basic Books, New York.

Bromfield et al.

Bromfield L & Osborn A, 2007, Kinship care, NCPC Brief No. 10, Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Cashmore et al.

Cashmore J & O’Brien A, 2001, Facilitating participation of children and young people in care, Child Abuse and Neglect, 26(4), 10–15.

Cassidy

Cassidy J, 2008, The nature of a child’s ties, in J Cassidy & PR Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 3–22), Guilford Press, New York. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/childrens-attachment-needs-context-out-home-care accessed November 2025.  

Child Family Community Australia

Child Family Community Australia, 2019, LGBTIQA+ Glossary of common terms resource sheet. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/lgbtiq-communities accessed November 2025.  

Cooper et al.

Cooper L & Dunphy A, 2019, Working with gender diverse young people and their families, Queerspace, Victoria. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/events/working-gender-diverse-young-people-and-their-families accessed November 2025.  

Cooper et al.

Cooper L & Dunphy A, 2019, Working with gender diverse young people and their families: Slide outline. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/slide-outline-working-gender-diverse-young-people-and-their-families accessed November 2025.  

Creative Spirits

Creative Spirits, 2019, Torres Strait Islander culture. Retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/torres-strait-islander-culture#toc5 accessed November 2025.  

Cross et al.

Cross TL, Bazron BJ, Dennis KW & Isaacs MR, 1989, Toward a culturally competent system of care, as cited by Mo Yee Lee in A Solution-Focused Approach to Cross-Cultural Clinical Social Work Practice: Utilizing Cultural Strengths 2003, p. 385.

Cultural Connections for Learning

Cultural Connections for Learning, 2013, Cultural Safety. Retrieved from http://www.intstudentsup.org/diversity/cultural_safety/ accessed November 2025.  

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women (a)

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women, 2015, Intensive Practice Module Series, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women (b)

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women, 2015, Trauma diagram, Intensive Practice Module Series, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women (c)

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women, 2018, Placement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: Performance data. Retrieved from https://www.csyw.qld.gov.au/child-family/our-performance/representation-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-children/placement-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-children accessed November 2025.  

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women (d)

Department of Child Safety Youth and Women, 2019, Our performance. Retrieved from https://www.csyw.qld.gov.au/child-family/our-performance accessed November 2025.  

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services (a)

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2015, Collaborative Assessment and Planning Framework booklet, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services (b)

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2015, Intensive Practice Module Series, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services (c)

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2015, Practice tools and processes booklet, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services (d)

Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2015, Safety and support networks and high intensity responses booklet, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Department of Health and Human Services

Department of Health and Human Services, 2018, Child Protection Manual. Retrieved from https://www.cpmanual.vic.gov.au/advice-and-protocols/advice/children-specific-circumstances/high-risk-youth accessed November 2025.  

Department of Local Government Racing and Multicultural Affairs

Department of Local Government Racing and Multicultural Affairs, 2018, Diversity Figures, Brisbane: Queensland Government. Retrieved from www.dlgrma.qld.gov.au accessed November 2025.  

Eckermann et al.

Eckermann A, Dowd T & Jeffs L, 2009, Culture and nursing practice, in J Crisp & C Taylor (Eds.), Potter and Perry’s Fundamentals of Nursing 3rd ed., Mosby, Sydney.

Harries

Harries M, 2008, The experiences of parents and families of children and young people in care, A social research project undertaken by Anglicare WA, on behalf of Family Inclusion Network WA and funded by a Lotterywest Social Research Grant. Retrieved from http://finwa.org.au/the-experiences-of-parents-and-families-with-children-and-young-people-in-care accessed November 2025.  

Headspace

Headspace, 2018, What is gender identity? Retrieved from https://headspace.org.au/young-people/gender-identity-and-mental-health accessed November 2025.  

Heifetz

Heifetz R, 1994, Technical Problems Adaptive Challenges and Approaches to Learning, in Department of Communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2015, Intensive Practice Model Series, Brisbane: Queensland Government.

Heyes et al.

Heyes N, Smart J, Walton B, Goldsworthy K, Scott D, Nair L & Lamont A, 2018, Children in care, Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/children-care accessed November 2025.  

Hojer et al.

Hojer I, Sebba J & Luke N, 2013, An International Literature Review of the Impact of Fostering on Foster Carers’ Children, Better Care Network. Retrieved from https://bettercarenetwork.org/library/the-continuum-of-care/foster-care/an-international-literature-review-of-the-impact-of-fostering-on-foster-carers%C2%80%C2%99-children accessed November 2025.  

Iannos et al.

Iannos M & Antcliff G, 2013, The application of motivational interviewing techniques for engaging ‘resistant’ families, Child Family Community Australia Practitioner Resource. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/application-motivational-interviewing-techniques-engaging-resistant accessed November 2025.  

Institute of Family Studies

Institute of Family Studies, Trauma-informed care in child and family welfare services. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/trauma-informed-care-child-family-welfare-services accessed November 2025.  

Kalinin et al.

Kalinin, D, Gilroy, J, and Pinckham, S. (2018). The needs of carers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people in foster care in Australia: A systemic literature review, Macquarie University and The University of Sydney. Sydney. Retrieved from: http://sydney.edu.au/health-sciences/cdrp/publications/technical-reports/The_Needs_of_Carers_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Children_July%202018.pdf 

Kezelman et al.

Kezelman C & Stavropoulos P, 2012, Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Complex Trauma and Trauma Informed Care and Service Delivery, Adults Surviving Child Abuse, Kirribilli.

Lindsay

Lindsay K, 2017, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Conversations: Rebuilding identity and culture through languages, SBS website. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/aboriginal/en/audiotrack/indigenous-conversations-rebuilding-identity-and-culture-through-languages accessed November 2025.  

Manning et al.

Manning ML & Bucher KT, 2012, Classroom management: Models, applications and cases 3rd ed., Pearson, Essex.

Matta

Matta C, 2018, How Trauma Can Affect Your Body & Mind. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/blog/how-trauma-can-affect-your-body-mind/ accessed November 2025.  

McCrindle Research Pty Ltd.

McCrindle Research Pty Ltd, 2019, Five factors defining Generation Z. Retrieved from https://mccrindle.com.au/insights/blog/five-factors-defining-generation-z/ accessed November 2025.

McDowall (a)

McDowall J, 2016, Connection to Culture by Indigenous Children and Young People in Out-of-Home Care in Australia, Communities Children and Families Australia, 10(1), 5–26. Retrieved from https://create.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016-McDowall-CCFA-101.pdf accessed November 2025.  

McDowall (b)

McDowall J, 2013, Participation of children and young people in decision-making in out-of-home care in Australia, Developing Practice, Spring, (36), 41–51. Retrieved from https://create.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Participation-of-Children-and-Young-people-in-decsion-making-in-OOHC-2013.pdf accessed November 2025.  

McDowall (c)

McDowall J, 2018, Out-of-home care in Australia: Children and young people’s views after five years of National Standards, Sydney: CREATE Foundation. Retrieved from https://create.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CREATE-OOHC-In-Care-2018-Report.pdf accessed November 2025.  

McDowall (d) 

McDowall J, 2015, Sibling placement and contact in out-of-home care, CREATE Foundation, Sydney. Retrieved from: https://create.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Sibling-Report_LR.pdf accessed October 2025. 

McIntosh

McIntosh J, 1999, Therapeutic transitions in out-of-home care, Children Australia, 24(4), 29–33.

McLean

McLean S, 2016, Children’s attachment needs in the context of out-of-home care, Child Family Community Australia Practice Resource.

Mendes et al.

Mendes P, Saunders B & Baidawi S, 2016, Indigenous Care Leavers in Victoria: Final Report, Monash University. Retrieved from https://www.lmcf.org.au/getmedia/b73fb60e-188b-42c3-8fd4-99067390b34b/Indigenous-Care-Leavers-Final-Report.pdf.aspx accessed November 2025.  

Miller et al.

Miller WR & Rollnick S, 2002, Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change 2nd ed., Guilford, New York.

Noble-Carr

Noble-Carr D, Farnham J & Dean C, 2014, Needs and Experiences of Biological Children of Foster Carers: A Scoping Study, Canberra: Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University. Retrieved from https://staff.acu.edu.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0015/712032/Final_report-_needs_and_experiences_of_biological_children_of_foster_carers,_a_scoping_study.pdf accessed November 2025.  

O’Neill

O’Neill C, 2011, Support in kith and kin care: The experience of carers, Children Australia, 36(2), 88–99.

Osborn et al.

Osborn A, Panozzo S, Richardson N & Bromfield L, 2007, Foster families, NCPC Brief No. 4, Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/foster-families accessed November 2025.  

Ounce of Prevention Fund Publication

Ounce of Prevention Fund Publication, 1996, Chicago. Retrieved from www.ounceofprevention.org accessed November 2025.  

PeakCare Queensland

PeakCare Queensland, 2019, Hope and Healing - Queensland framework for working with children and young people living in residential care. Retrieved from http://peakcare.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Hope-and-Healing-Framework-1-May-2019.pdf accessed November 2025.  

Queensland Child Protection Commission of Inquiry

Queensland Child Protection Commission of Inquiry, 2013, Taking Responsibility: A Roadmap for Queensland Child Protection. Retrieved from http://www.childprotectioninquiry.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/202625/qcpci-final-report-web-version.pdf accessed November 2025.  

Queensland Family and Child Commission Research Summary

Queensland Family and Child Commission Research Summary, 2017, Placement stability for children in out-of-home care: its importance and ways it can be increased. Retrieved from https://www.qfcc.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/For%20professionals/research/research-summaries/research-summary-placement-stability.pdf accessed November 2025.

Queensland Foster and Kinship Care

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Richardson

Richardson B, 2001, Working with challenging youth, Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.

Robinson et al.

Robinson E & Miller R, 2012, Adolescents and their families, Victorian series of specialist practice resources, p. 11. Retrieved from https://www.cpmanual.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/Adolescents%20%26%20their%20families%20specialist%20practice%20resource%202012%203003%20.pdf accessed October 2025. 

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Saarni C, 2000, The development of emotional competence, Guilford Press.

SNAICC

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Tehan et al.

Tehan B & McDonald M, 2010, Engaging fathers in child and family services, Child Family Community Australia Practice Sheet. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/engaging-fathers-child-and-family-services accessed November 2025.  

Teicher

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The Personal Wellness Centre

The Personal Wellness Centre, 2019, Conscious parenting through appreciative inquiry. Retrieved from https://thepersonalwellnesscenter.com/services/conscious-parenting-through-appreciative-inquiry/ accessed November 2025.  

Thomson et al.

Thomson L, McArthur M & Barry E, 2017, Recruiting and retaining foster carers, Research to Practice Series, 16, Canberra: Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University.

Torres Strait Regional Authority

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UNICEF

UNICEF, 2019, Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention accessed November 2025.  

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Wall et al.

Wall L, Higgins D & Hunter C, 2016, Trauma-informed care in child/family welfare services, CFCA Paper No. 37, Melbourne: Child Family Community Australia, Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Whyte

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