This section gives you a broad overview about the dynamics of child sexual abuse, including factors that increase the risk a child will be sexually abused, and the impact of sexual abuse on children. It helps you to understand why it is important that child protection practitioners see, understand and respond to child sexual abuse.
Factors that make children more vulnerable to being sexually abused
Child sexual abuse occurs across all cultural groups, genders, ages and socioeconomic groups. The risk of sexual abuse can increase significantly through the presence of a number of stressors and vulnerabilities which place pressure on the family. The table below (Esposito & Field, 2016) gives a brief overview of these risks and vulnerabilities:
| Individual factors | |
|
Gender |
Girls are more likely to be victims of child sexual abuse. |
|
Sexuality |
Sexually diverse young people are at increased risk of sexual abuse. Gay and bisexual males are more likely than heterosexual males to be sexually abused. Lesbian and bisexual females are more likely than heterosexual females to be sexually abused. |
|
Age |
Children are most vulnerable to abuse between the ages of 7 and 12. Children abused by a family member are more likely to be younger than those abused by non-family members. Teenagers report sexual abuse more often than younger children. In the majority of cases the person who sexually abused them is another young person. |
|
Disability |
Children with mental health issues or intellectual or physical disabilities are more likely to be sexually abused than other children, and to have been abused more than once. Children with intellectual and sensory disabilities, communication impairments and behavioural difficulties are at heightened risk of sexual abuse compared to children with other types of disability. |
|
Experiences of other forms of abuse |
It is likely that children who have been sexually abused have also experienced another form of abuse. |
|
Social Isolation |
Children with few friends, who lack confidence and have low self-esteem are at increased risk of child sexual abuse. |
| Family and community factors | |
|
Family size and make-up |
Children living without either biological parent are at increased risk of sexual abuse. Children living with a single parent who has a live in partner are 20 times more likely to be victims of child sexual abuse. Children living with another child or sibling who has been sexually abused are at increased risk of being sexually abused. |
|
Family functioning and domestic and family violence |
Children who experience domestic and family violence are at significant risk of child sexual abuse. If a mother is assaulted by her partner, her daughters are nearly six times more likely to be sexually abused than other girls. Young people who were exposed to violence in the home when they were growing up are twice as likely to have been forced to have sex and four times as likely to have forced a partner to have sex later in life. Marital conflict and separation are linked to increased risk of child sexual abuse. There is an increased risk that a child will be sexually abused by a brother or sister within a family where there is physical and emotional violence, harsh discipline styles, parental neglect and pornography (Righthand & Welch, 2004). |
|
Homelessness and housing instability |
There is a small amount of evidence suggesting homelessness and moving house regularly makes children vulnerable to child sexual abuse. |
|
Parent age, education & employment |
Children of mothers who are young with low levels of education and employment are at increased risk of sexual abuse. |
|
Parent mental health |
There is a strong link between parental (especially a mother’s) mental health issues and a heightened risk of child sexual abuse for their children. |
|
Parent alcohol and substance misuse |
Parental drinking is strongly associated with risk of sexual abuse, especially if both parents drink. Children with foetal alcohol syndrome are 10 times more likely than those without to be sexually abused. |
|
Parental history of abuse |
Children whose mothers were sexually abused as children are at increased risk of child sexual abuse. |
|
Parent / child relationship and emotional availability |
Poor parent-child attachment, including neglect and emotional unavailability, is associated with children being sexually abused. |
|
Cultural and social experiences, attitudes and practices |
A growing body of evidence shows the risk for child sexual abuse can be influenced by cultural and social attitudes and practices such as:
|
Further reading
Read the New South Wales Child Sexual Abuse Literature Review for more detailed information about the vulnerabilities and risk factors that may be experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, families and communities.
hereThe risks outlined in the above table highlight that the children we work with are particularly vulnerable to child sexual abuse. We know that children who experience other types of childhood maltreatment are more likely to be sexually abused and that children in out of home care are particularly vulnerable to child sexual abuse.
How does gender affect prevalence?
- Australian and international data suggests that girls are more likely to be sexually abused than boys.
- Internationally, between eight and 13 per cent of girls and three and 17 per cent of boys are sexually abused as children. In Australia, between 12 and 22 per cent of girls and five and seven per cent of boys are sexually abused in their childhood.
- More than 90 per cent of female victims and 80 per cent of male victims know the person who sexually abused them.
- Girls are more likely than boys to be sexually abused by step fathers, biological fathers and other male relatives in the family home.
- Boys are more likely than girls to experience abuse by strangers or people outside the family. They are also more likely to be abused in the offender’s home, institution or in a public space, and more likely to have witnesses to their abuse.
- Boys are more likely than girls to be sexually abused by peers or others of similar age including siblings, cousins, other relatives and residents in institutions.
Further reading
Read the New South Wales Child Sexual Abuse Literature Review for an overview of studies looking at how often children are sexually abused.
The impact of child sexual abuse on children
While every child’s response to sexual abuse is individual, a number of short and long term negative impacts have been consistently reported. Even when other forms of abuse or childhood adversity are taken into account, children who have been sexually abused are at higher risk of experiencing a broad range of negative experiences throughout their lives, including:
- mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety; psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and delusional disorders, personality disorders and eating disorders
- inflicting pain or injury on themselves
- suicidal thoughts or behaviour
- alcohol and substance misuse
- difficulties learning or concentrating
- difficulties maintaining supportive relationships
- difficulties parenting
- sexual and physical abuse or assault, including domestic violence, in childhood and as adults
- engagement in risky sexual behaviour such as having sex at a younger age, more sexual partners, and unprotected sex, leading to increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and infections (STDs and STIs), and HIV, and engaging in sex work.
It is important to remember that a child or young person may not show immediate signs of distress, but may present with signs of distress a year or many years later. This may involve an event that reminds them of past trauma (sometimes described as a ‘trigger’) or may just occur as a function of age or life stage.
Note
Child Safety’s work in seeing, understanding and responding to child sexual abuse can make the difference between a child feeling heard, understood and believed, and a child feeling silenced and marginalised. Practitioners are most helpful to children and families when they are well informed about sexual abuse dynamics and are psychologically and emotionally equipped to be responsive.
Note
Further reading
Further reading
Read chapter two of the New South Wales Child Sexual Abuse Literature Review for information on the impact of child sexual abuse on children.
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse: Final Report (volume three).
Conceptualising the impact of sexual abuse –‘The wall’
‘The Wall’ concept (developed by the Practice Advice and Support team) is a useful visual aid to support stakeholders and families to understand the far reaching and complex effects of child sexual abuse.
Tip
‘The wall’ helps practitioners to visually conceptualise that sexual development occurs across childhood and sometimes into adulthood as people explore their sexual and gender identities as part of broader identity development and expression. Like all aspects of child development, sexual development happens sequentially as a child’s physical, emotional, social and psychological capacity and interest grows and changes. When a child experiences sexual abuse, the impact may be far reaching and be seen in many areas of functioning.
Normal development is a continuum of behaviours and there will be many variations in what is considered normal healthy development, taking into account family ‘norms’, cultural and religious context. ‘The Wall’ considers trauma as a missed developmental experience and considers that people who have experienced abuse may struggle with complex ideas, like sexual identity, if they have not had the chance to experiment in a safe and supportive environment.
For a child who has experienced sexual abuse, the order of learning about themselves and others is disrupted; for example:
- A child who has experienced sexual abuse will not have a first sexual experience with a peer in puberty or early adulthood. As a result, boundaries and the roles of adults and children may be blurred and attachment bonds may be disrupted.
- A person who has been abused may struggle with social rules, as what they have learnt early in life is that their comfort and boundaries don’t matter.
- Children and young people may not necessarily have points of reference to help them understand how to negotiate friendships, work or romantic relationships.
- Neglect often means the children don’t know how to properly care for their body or what ‘normal’ physical changes and development actually are.
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